Physics
Physics for School students.
Physics is the branch of Science which deals with nature and natural phenomenon. This is the basic definition of Physics that we learnt when we were child and the same is being learnt by our students now a days. its a very apt definition of Physics. But in broader sense if we are to define Physics then we will be having a big task in our hands. In school system if we talk about Physics, it begins from the class 6th, from where the General Science or Science subject is introduced to the children. What all they learn from 6th to 8th class are those basics of Physics which are known to every student, whether he/ she is a Science student,student of Commerce or a student of Humanities group.
This page of the site is an attempt of Learning of Physics being studied from class 6th to class 12th in a go. This page is dedicated to only Physics and that too , the Physics of School based on CBSE i.e. Central Board of School Education, New Delhi. The concept building of Physics begins from class 9th and before that we just learn Science. The Learning of Physics of class 11 and class 12 eases only if basics have been well understood in classes 9th and 10th. The topics that we study in class 9th are in tone with those in class 11th and the Physics of class 10th is a small step taken for class 12th.The topics that we study in class 9th are Motion, Force and Newton’s laws, Gravitation, and Work Energy and Power, while the topics which we study in 12th are Electricity, Reflection and Refraction, The Human eye and the colorful World, and Magnetic effects of Current.
CLASS- 9th
In 9th Class, Physics begins with motion. What we study in 9th Class motion is the basic topics like Distance and displacement, velocity, uniform or non uniform, uniform acceleration , the distance Time Graphs, Velocity time graphs, derivations of equation of motion and elementary ideas about the uniform circular motion
Motion
Class 9th
The 2nd Chapter of Physics in class 9th is Force and Newton's Laws. The people less known to Physics know Physics by the Newton's laws . In this chapter we study Force and Motion, newton's Laws of Motion, Action and Reaction forces, Inertia of a body, Momentum, and elementary idea of conservation of momentum.
Force and Newton's laws
Class 9th
Gravitation is the 3rd Chapter. It deals with Universal law of Gravitation, Force of Gravitation, Acceleration due to gravity, mass and weight, free fall, Thrust and Pressure, Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy and elementary idea of Relative Density.
Gravitation
Class 9th
We get to learn about work energy and power in the 4th Chapter of Physics.Work done by force, Energy, Power, Kinetic and Potential Energy and Law of conservation of energy are the topics that one studies in this chapter.
Work Energy and Power
Class 9th
Class 10th
ELECTRICITY is the 1st chapter of Physics section of class 10th. It is a big and very important chapter as it's bigger portion is covered in 12th Physics. The topics contained in 10th are Electriccurrent and circuit, Electric Potential and Potential Difference, Circuit Diagrams, Ohms Law, Resistance and factors affecting it, Combination of resistors, Heating effects of current,Practical applications of Heating effect, Electric Power, Inter relation between P,V,I and R.
Electricity
Class 10th
REFLECTION & REFRACTION is the other important chapter of Physics in class 10th. Reflection of Light by curved surfaces , Images formed by spherical mirrors, mirror formula, Refraction , Laws of refraction, refractive index, Refraction of light by spherical lens, Lens formula are the topics covered under this section in class 10.
Reflection and Refraction
Class 10th
EYE & THE COLORFUL WORLD is the 3rd chapter of class 10 Physics. It covers the following topics- Functioning of a Lensin human eye, Defects of vision and their corrections, Applications of spherical mirrors and lenses, refraction of Light through a prism, and the dispersion of light.
Eye & The Colorful World
Class 10th
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT is the 4th chapter which is also a big chapter having as many as 10 subtopics.The topics in this chapter are - Magnetic field, Magnetic field Lines, Field due to curent carrying conductor, Field due to current carrying coil or solenoid, Electric motor, Electromagnetic Induction, , induced potential difference, Induced current, Fleming's Right hand rule, Electric Generator, Direct Current , Alternating current, Domestic electric circuits.
Magnetic effects of Current
Class 10th
Class- 11th
PHYSICAL WORLD & MEASUREMENT -Physics-scope and excitement; nature of physical laws;Physics, technology and society, Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units,significant figures. Numericals, Dimensions of physical quantities,dimensional analysis and its applications.
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE- Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity.Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion, uniform and non- uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity,uniformly accelerated motion, velocity - time and position-time graphs
Relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).
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MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
Class 11th
MOTION IN A PLANE- Scalar and vector quantities; position and displacement vectors, general vectors and their notations, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors, relative velocity, Unit vector; resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular components, Scalar product of vectors,Vector product of vectors, Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration, projectile motion, uniform circular motion.
MOTION IN A PLANE
Class 11th
LAWS OF MOTION- Intuitive concept of force, Inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum, Newton's second law of motion
impulse; Newton's third law of motion, Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication, Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force
Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road).
LAWS OF MOTION
Class 11th
WORK ENERGY AND POWER-Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, workenergy theorem, power.
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, Conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces: motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions in one elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
WORK ENERGY AND POWER
Class 11th
MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODY- Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion, Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of a uniform rod, Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, law of conservation of angular momentum and its applications, Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions, Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no derivation).
Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.
MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODY
Class 11th
GRAVITATION- Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude, Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude depth, Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential, escape velocity, universal law of gravitation,orbital velocity of a satellite.
GRAVITATION
Class 11th
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS- Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus
shear modulus of rigidity, Poisson's ratio, elastic energy.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
Class 11th
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS- Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes), effect of gravity on fluid pressure, Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications, Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Class 11th
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER- Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases
anomalous expansion of water; specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv - calorimetry, change of state - latent heat capacity, Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity, qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation, Wein's displacement Law, Stefan's law, Greenhouse effect.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Class- 11th
THERMODYNAMICS- "Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature, (zeroth law of thermodynamics), heat, work and internal energy, First law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes. Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes,Heat engine and refrigerator.
THERMODYNAMICS
Class 11th
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES- Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done in compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure, Kinetic interpretation of temperature; rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom
law of equi-partition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases, concept of mean free path, Avogadro's number.
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Class 11th
OSCILLATIONS- Periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time, periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equation; phase oscillations of a loaded spring- restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and potential energies, simple pendulum derivation of expression for its time period. Free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.
OSCILLATIONS
Class 11th
WAVES- Wave motion: Transverse and longitudinal waves
speed of travelling wave, displacement relation for a progressive wave,
principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves,
standing waves in strings and organ pipes,fundamental mode and harmonics,
Beats, Doppler effect.
WAVES
Class 11th
CLASS- 12th
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD-
1. ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ITS PROPERTIES
2.COULOMB'S LAW AND FORCE BETWEEN CHARGES
3. ELECTRIC FIELD , FIELD LINES , ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO POINT CHARGE AND DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE
4. ELECTRIC DIPOLE AND TORQUE ON DIPOLE IN UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD
5. ELECTRIC FLUX, GAUSS THEOREM AND ITS APPLICATIONS.
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD
Class 12th
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE-
1. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO POINT CHARGE, DUE TO ELECTRIC DIPOLE, SYSTEM OF CHARGES.
2. EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES, POTENTIAL ENERGY OF SYSTEM OF CHARGES.
3. BEHAVIOR OF CONDUCTOR INSIDE ELECTRIC FIELD,DIELECTRIC AND POLARIZATION
4. CAPACITOR AND CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR, COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS
5.ENERGY STORED IN A CHARGED CAPACITOR, EFFECT OF DIELECTRIC ON CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR.
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
Class 12th
CURRENT ELECTRICITY-
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT IN CONDUCTORS, DRIFT VELOCITY, RELAXATION TIME, ELECTRON MOBILITY, LIMITATIONS OF OHM'S LAW.
2. RESISTIVITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS, FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTIVITY, COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
3. CELLS,EMF, INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL, COMBINATION OF CELLS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
4. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS , WHEAT STONE BRIDGE
5. METER BRIDGE, POTENTIOMETER AND ITS APPLICATIONS.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Class 12th
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM-
1.FORCE ON A CHARGE INSIDE MAGNETIC FIELD, BIOT-SAVARTS LAW AND ITS APPLICATIONS
2. AMPERE CIRCUITAL LAW AND ITS APPLICATIONS
3. MOTION OF CHARGE IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD, CYCLOTRON AND ITS LIMITATIONS
4. FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL STRAIGHT CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTORS AND DEFINE ONE AMPERE, TORQUE ON CURRENT LOOP INSIDE MAGNETIC FIELD, MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER.
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
Class 12th
MAGNETISM AND MATTER-
1. CURRENT LOOP AS MAGNETIC DIPOLE AND MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT, MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT OF A REVOLVING ELECTRON.
2. MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO A MAGNETIC DIPOLE , TORQUE ON MAGNETIC DIPOLE IN UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD, BAR MAGNET AS AN EQUIVALENT SOLENOID.
3. EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC ELEMENTS.
4. PARA , DIA, FERRO MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES, WITH EXAMPLES,ELECTROMAGNETS AND PERMANENT MAGNETS.
MAGNETISM AND MATTER
Class 12th
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION-
1. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION, FARADAYS LAWS OF EMI
2. METHODS OF PRODUCING INDUCED EMF/CURRENT, EDDY CURRENTS
3. SELF INDUCTION, MUTUAL INDUCTION.
ALTERNATING CURRENT-
1. ALTERNATING CURRENTS, PEAK AND RMS VALUE OF AC CURRENT /VOLTAGE
2. REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE IN AC CIRCUITS, LCR SERIES CIRCUIT, RESONANCE CONDITION
3. LC OSCILLATION, AVERAGE POWER IN AC CIRCUITS, POWER FACTOR, WATTLESS CURRENT
4. AC GENERATOR
5. TRANSFORMER.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES-
1. IDEA OF DISPLACEMENT CURRENT, EM WAVES AND THEIR CHARACTERSTICS
2. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM, USES OF EM WAVES.
EM WAVES
Class 12th
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
1. REFLECTION OF LIGHT, SPHERICAL MIRRORS, MIRROR FORMULA
2. REFRACTION OF LIGHT, TIR AND ITS APPLICATIONS, OPTICAL FIBRES
3. REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL SURFACES
4. LENSES, THIN LENS FORMULA, LENS MAKER FORMULA
5. MAGNIFICATION OF LENS, POWER OF LENS, COMBINATION OF THIN LENSES IN CONTACT.
6. REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH PRISM, SCATTERING OF LIGHT-BLUE COLOR 0F SKY AND REDDISH APPEARANCE OF SUN AT SUNRISE AND SUNSET
7. MAGNIFYING POWER OF MICROSCOPE
8. ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE(REFLECTING AND REFRACTING)
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Class 12th
WAVE OPTICS-
1. WAVFRONT, HUYGEN'S PRINCIPLE , REFLECTION AND REFRACTION USING HUYGEN'S PRINCIPLE
2. INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT, YDS EXPERIMENT AND CONDITIONS FOR BRIGHT AND DARK FRINGES
3. COHERENT SOURCES, SUSTAINED INTERFERENCE, EXPRESSION FOR FRINGE WIDTH.
4. DIFFRACTION DUE TO SINGLE SLIT, WIDTH OF CENTRAL MAXIMA, RESOLVING POWER OF MICROSCOPE AND ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE
5. POLARISATION, PLANE POLARISED LIGHT, BREWSTERS LAW, USES OF PPL AND POLAROIDS.
WAVE OPTICS
Class 12th
DUAL NATURE RADIATION AND MATTER-
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations
Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Experimental study of photoelectric effect
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation
Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).
ATOMS-
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom
Bohr model, energy levels
hydrogen spectrum.
NUCLEI-
Composition and size of nucleus.
Radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties.
radioactive decay law, half life and mean life.
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS-
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only)
Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier
Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode,
solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics, zener diode as a voltage regulator.
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